A Closer Look

Addressing the Needs of Immigrant and Refugee Students: Inclusive Mental Health Interventions in Diverse School Settings

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In a postpandemic world, schools are finding themselves challenged with supporting the mental health of students affected by the pandemic on top of the preexisting needs of the students they serve. As immigrants ourselves, we are particularly sensitive to the impact this mental health crunch has on immigrant and refugee students with intersecting risk factors. To meet the growing needs of students, educators, and families, schools require coordinated interventions that address the multiple systems within which students exist and the intersecting identities that students possess. Since building partnerships is paramount to developing and fostering a continuum of services, we advocate for a service model that utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and intervention initiatives across the curriculum. This multitiered model uses direct and indirect services, including consultation, professional development, and more to individualize the supports for students. It similarly permits addressing common and evolving directions in education, as well as supporting and operationalizing its policies.

Inclusive and enriching representation of immigrant and refugee students and understanding of the risk and protective factors that promote healthy adjustment are essential in promoting resilience and social–emotional development. Collaborative multidisciplinary consultation teams and school–home partnerships are important modalities for supporting healthy development in immigrant and refugee students. Coordinated and effective multidisciplinary teams are characterized by five components:

  1. Clear goals and roles of participants
  2. Leadership support that is democratic and allows for shared knowledge
  3. Regular and efficient meetings, enhanced by advanced preparation
  4. Composition of team membership that is varied based on objectives
  5. Team performance that is monitored by core participants for collaborative problem-solving and modifications

Developing coordinated and integrated support systems is an intentional process that requires planning and reflection. In navigating the planning process, we encourage you to reflect on the following questions:

  • Who is not at the solution planning table? Why not?
  • Who is left behind? Why?
  • Who advocates for equity of outcomes? How?
  • Who makes shared decisions about interventions?
  • Who makes sure that lessons are learned?
  • Who impacts future goal setting in the cycle of the academic year?

Finally, we would like to leave you with a few takeaways: 

  • Schools are trusted hubs for newcomer students.
  • Fostering family–home partnerships is paramount.
  • Equity, diversity, and inclusion must be embedded across consultations, school teams, and programs.
  • Evolving professional evidence-based competencies in cultural diversity and ethics promise to impact equity of outcomes for school populations.
  • Advocacy for and use of broad school psychology standards can promote inclusion and resilience for all, especially for immigrants and refugees.

About the Author

Ester and Maria Dr. Ester Cole & Dr. Maria Kokai
Dr. Ester Cole is a psychologist in private practice. She was a psychologist at the Toronto Board of Education for twenty years, sixteen of which were as a Senior Team Coordinator of psychologists. Her work has focused extensively on the development of multicultural, clinical and school psychology broad services. She was the Multicultural Team Coordinator for TBE for 5 years. She taught as an adjunct professor( graduate level) at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education/ UT for two decades, and for two years at York University. She was a multi-year consultant to the former NGO, The International Children’s Institute, which supported the adjustment of refugee children in schools. Dr. Cole has written and co-authored numerous research and advocacy articles in recognised journals and professional publications; served on editorial boards, and has contributed to several manuals and international co-edited books. She is the recipient of several Awards of Merit.

Dr. Maria Kokai is a psychologist in Toronto with over 35 years of experience in school settings. As a school psychologist and Chief Psychologist at a large Toronto school district with over 90 thousand students, she provided, oversaw, and directed the delivery of a full continuum of direct and indirect universal, targeted and intensive (primary, secondary, and tertiary) psychological services. In her role she supported and facilitated collaboration in research, service delivery and training with community organizations (universities, hospitals, clinics, etc.) She has been in leadership roles in various professional organizations, such as the Ontario Psychological Association (OPA), the Psychology Foundation of Canada, the Association of Chief Psychologists with Ontario School Boards, and the Canadian Psychological Association.